References

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Suggested reading

Allen BM and Bergersen EP (2002). Factors influencing the distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, in the Cache la
Poudre River, Colorado. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 49:51–6.

Antonio DB, El-Matbouli M and Hedrick RP (1999). Detection of early development stages of Myxobolus cerebralis in fish and tubificid oligochaete
hosts by in situ hybridisation. Parasitology Research 85:942–944.

Baldwin TJ and Myklebust KA (2002). Validation of a single round polymerase chain reaction assay for identification of Myxobolus cerebralis myxospores.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 49:185–190.

Baldwin T, Peterson JE, McGhee GC, Staigmiller KD, Motteram ES, Downs CC and Stanek DR (1998). Distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis in salmonid fishes in
Montana. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 10:361–371.

Blazer VS, Densmore CL, Schill WB, Cartwright DD and Page SJ (2004). Comparative susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, lake trout and rainbow trout to
Myxobolus cerebralis in controlled laboratory exposures. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 58:27–34.

Blazer VS, Waldrop TB, Schill WB, Densmore CL and Smith D (2003). Effects of water temperature and substrate on spore production and release in Eastern
Tubifex tubifex worms infected with Myxobolus cerebralis. Journal of Parasitology 89(1):21–26.

Dickerson HW and Clark TG (1996). Immune response of fishes to ciliates. Annual Review of Fish Diseases 6:107–120.

El-Matbouli M, Hoffmann RW and Mandok C (1995). Light and electron microscopic observations on the route of triactinomyxon–sporoplasm of
Myxobolus cerebralis from epidermis into rainbow trout cartilage. Journal of Fish Biology 46:919–935.

El-Matbouli M, Hoffmann RW, Schoel H, McDowell TS and Hedrick RP (1999). Whirling disease: host specificity and interaction between the actinosporean
stage of Myxobolus cerebralis and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 35:1–12.

Gilbert MA and Granath Jr WO (2003). Whirling Disease of Salmonid Fish: Life cycle, biology and disease. Journal of Parasitology 89(4):658–667.

Hamilton AJ and Canning EU (1987). Studies on the proposed role of Tubifex tubifex (Muller) as an intermediate host in the life cycle of Myxosoma cerebralis
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Hedrick RP, McDowell TS, Marty GD, Mukkatira K, Antonio DB, Andree KB Bukhari Z and Clancy T (2000). Ultraviolet irradiation inactivates the waterborne infective stages of Myxobolus cerebralis: a treatment for hatchery water supplies. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 42:53–59.

Hedrick RP, McDowell TS, Marty GD, Fosgate GT, Mukkatira K, Myklebust K and El-Matbouli M (2003). Susceptibility of two strains of rainbow trout (one with
suspect resistance to whirling disease) to Myxobolus cerebralis infection. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 55:37–44.

Hewitt GC (1972). Survey of New Zealand trout hatcheries for whirling diseases caused by Myxosoma cerebralis. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 6(4):463–468.

Hoffman GL (1990). Myxobolus cerebralis, a worldwide cause of salmonid whirling disease. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 2:30–37.

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Hulbert PJ (1996). Whirling disease: A resource stewardship challenge. Fisheries 21:26–27.

Jones SRM (2001). The occurrence and mechanism of innate immunity against parasites in fish. Development of Comparative Immunology 25:8–9.

Kent ML, Andree KB, Bartholomew JL, El-Matbouli M, Desre SS, Devlin RH, Feist SW, Hedrick RP, Hoffmann RW, Khattra RW, Hallett SL, Lester RJG, Longshaw M and Palenzeula O (2001). Recent advances in our knowledge of the Myxozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbacteriology 48(4):395–413.

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Nehring BR and Walker PG (1996). Whirling disease in the wild: The new reality in the intermountain west. Fisheries 21:28–30.

Nehring BR, Thompson KG, Schuler DL and James TM (2003). Using sediment core samples to examine spatial distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis actinospore
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Nehring BR, Thompson KG, Taurman K and Aitkinson W (2003). Efficacy of passive sand filtration in reducing exposure of salmonids to the actinospore of
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Pinder A (2001). Notes on the diversity and distribution of Australian Naididae and Phreodrilidae (Oligochaeta: Annelida). Hydrobiologia 463:49–94.

Sollid SA, Lorz HV, Stevens DG and Bartholomew JL (2003). Age-dependent susceptibility of Chinook salmon to Myxobolus cerebralis and effects of sustained parasite challenges. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 15:136–145.

Thompson KG and Nehring BR (2003). Habitat modifications to reduce Myxobolus cerebralis infection in streams: A preliminary report. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Whirling Disease Symposium: Managing the Risk, Bell Harbour Conference Centre, Seattle.

Wagner E, Arndt R and Latremouille D (2003). Sand filtration for control of Myxobolus cerebralis infection: laboratory and hatchery studies. In: Proceedings
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Wagner EJ, Smith M, Arndt R and Roberts DW (2003). Physical and chemical effects on viability of the Myxobolus cerebralis triactinomyxon. Diseases of
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Yokoyama H, Danjo T, Ogawa K and Wakabayashi H (1997). A vital staining technique with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodode (PI) for the
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